The effect of Black-White income inequality on perceived interracial psychological outcomes via perceived interracial competition.

This research examined the influence of Black-White income inequality on negative interracial psychological outcomes and the role of perceived interracial competition as a mediational mechanism. The research utilized three different designs across three preregistered experiments to assess the proposed processes. Study 1 (N = 846) used a measurement-of-mediation design and found that participants assigned to the high racial income gap condition reported more perceived interracial competition, discrimination, avoidance, and anxiety relative to those in the low racial income gap condition. Effects were mediated by increased perceptions of interracial competition. Studies 2a (n = 827) and 2b (n = 841) used an experimental-causal-chain design and replicated the effect of the racial income gap condition on increased perceptions of interracial competition (Study 2a) and showed that participants in the high perceived interracial competition condition-the manipulated mechanism-exhibited greater perceived discrimination, anxiety, and mistrust relative to those in the low perceived interracial competition condition (Study 2b). Study 3 (N = 1,583) diversified the sample by recruiting similar numbers of Black (n = 796) and White (n = 787) participants and used a moderation-of-process design by simultaneously manipulating the racial income gap and perceived interracial competition. Competition moderated effects: Inequality effects were stronger for those in the high competition condition. Implications for theory development are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Examining awareness of privilege among midwestern college students: An analysis of race/ethnicity, gender, and religion.

Dominant group members often are not aware of the privileges they benefit from due to their dominant group membership. Yet individuals are members of multiple groups and may simultaneously occupy multiple categories of dominance and marginality, raising the question of how different group memberships work in concert to facilitate or inhibit awareness of multiple forms of privilege. Examining awareness of privilege is important as awareness may be linked to action to dismantle systems of privilege that maintain oppression and inequality. Grounded in intersectional scholarship, in this study we examined how occupying intersecting categories of race/ethnicity, gender, and religion corresponded to an awareness of White, male, and Christian privilege. In a sample of 2321 Midwestern college students, we demonstrated that students from marginalized groups broadly reported greater awareness of all forms of privilege than students from dominant groups, and the difference between marginalized and dominant groups was most pronounced when the specific group category (e.g., gender) aligned with the type of privilege (e.g., male privilege). We also tested interactions among race/ethnicity, gender, and religion, only finding an interaction between race/ethnicity and religion for awareness of White and male privilege. These findings helped to clarify that multiple group memberships tended to contribute to awareness as multiple main effects rather than as multiplicative. Finally, we examined mean differences among the eight intersected groups to explore similarities and differences among groups in awareness of all types of privilege. Taken together, these findings quantitatively demonstrate the ways in which group memberships work together to contribute to awareness of multiple forms of privilege. We discuss study limitations and implications for community psychology research and practice.

Ouçam Mirtes, mãe de Miguel: precarização e resistência no emprego doméstico durante a pandemia / Listen to Mirtes, Miguel's mother: precarization and resistance in domestic employment during the pandemic

Este artigo é fruto de pesquisa de iniciação científica da PUC Minas sobre trabalho doméstico e pandemia. Em junho de 2020, morreu Miguel, de cinco anos, filho da empregada doméstica Mirtes Renata, que trabalhava durante a pandemia de covid-19. Miguel caiu do edifício enquanto estava sob os cuidados da patroa de Mirtes. A partir do estudo de caso do "caso Miguel", aliado à bibliografia sobre trabalhadoras domésticas e relações étnico-raciais, buscou-se: (1) observar as relações entre raça, classe e gênero e a naturalização da precarização deste trabalho; (2) analisar o caso Miguel em sua relação com a profissão e movimentos de resistência na luta por direitos, reconhecimento e justiça. Como resultados, observa-se a potência das mobilizações de coalizão entre movimentos sociais e redes de solidariedade para a identificação do caráter estrutural do fenômeno, atuando em forma ampla pela justiça e transformação dessas estruturas. Conclui-se que a pandemia de covid-19 evidenciou a linha direta entre precarização da profissão e a desvalorização das vidas das trabalhadoras domésticas, sendo a morte de Miguel uma consequência da violência e precarização histórica do lugar da mulher negra

This article is the result of PUC Minas' scientific initiation research on domestic work and pandemic. In June 2020, five-year-old Miguel, son of the domestic worker Mirtes Renata, who was working during the COVID-19 pandemic, died. Miguel fell of the building while in the care of Mirtes' employer. From the case study of "Caso Miguel," combined with the bibliography on domestic workers and ethnic racial relations, we sought to: (1) observe the relationships between race, class, and gender and the naturalization of the precariousness of this work; (2) analyse Miguel's case related with the profession and with resistance movements in the fight for rights, recognition, and justice. As results the potential of coalition mobilizations between social movements and solidarity networks to identify the structural character of the phenomenon, acting broadly for justice and transformation of these structures, is observed. In conclusion, the COVID-19 pandemic evidenced the direct line between the profession precarization and the devaluation of the domestic workers lives, with Miguel's death a consequence of violence and historical precarization of black women place

Psicologia social e antirracismo: arte-fatos científicos desde caos-mundo / Social psychology and anti-racism: scientific art- facts from chaos-world / Psicología social y antirracismo: arte-factos científicos a partir de caos-mundo

Resumo No presente manuscrito narramos em ficção experiências e questionamentos disruptivos que saboreamos com nossas corpas no processo de invenção e criação desse dossiê, que escuta e compartilha uma gama de possibilidades de "usos" do conceito de poder e de modos de subjetivação, seja na compreensão/vivência das relações raciais, na produção de estratégias de cuidado e de modos de existência de pessoas e comunidades negras, seja no enfrentamento ao racismo e às violências produzidas pela branquitude e pelos variados processos de atualização da lógica colonial. Caos-mundo é a encruzilhada, é a voz de criação, que protagoniza e fia conceitos diante de questionamentos sobre a Psicologia Social e do modo como tem trombado com a luta antirracista. Desde arte-fatos científicos, apresentamos o conjunto de artigos que constituem esse dossiê.

Abstract In this manuscript we narrate in fiction disruptive experiences and questions that we savored with our bodies in the process of invention and creation this dossier, which listens to and shares a range of possible "uses" of the concept of power and modes of subjectivation, in the understanding/experience of racial relations, in the production of care strategies and ways of existence for black people and communities, whether in confronting racism and the violence produced by whiteness and the varied processes of updating colonial logic. Chaos-world is the crossroads, it is the voice of creation, which leads and spins concepts in the face of questions about Social Psychology and the way it has collided with the anti-racist struggle. From scientific art-facts, we present the set of articles that constitute this dossier.

Resumen En este manuscrito narramos en ficción experiencias y preguntas disruptivas que saboreamos con nuestros cuerpos en el proceso de invención y creación de este dossier, que escucha y comparte un abanico de posibles "usos" del concepto de poder y modos de subjetivación, ya sea en la comprensión/vivencia de las relaciones raciales, en la producción de estrategias de cuidado y modos de existencia para las personas y comunidades negras, ya sea en la lucha contra el racismo y la violencia producida por la blanquitud y los variados procesos de actualización de las lógicas coloniales. Caos-mundo es la encrucijada, es la voz de la creación, que lidera y hila conceptos ante los interrogantes sobre la psicología social y su forma de chocar con la lucha antirracista. A partir de arte-factos científicos, presentamos el conjunto de artículos que componen este dossier.

Voices on diversity: support systems that work.

As part of our commitment to amplifying the voices of underrepresented scientists, we are publishing the insights and experiences of a panel of underrepresented scientists. In this segment, we asked about support systems-the types of support that are most helpful (and less helpful), how to find a supportive network, and how institutions can better support underrepresented scientists. These are the personal opinions of the authors and may not reflect the views of their institutions.

Increases in Risky Drinking During the COVID-19 Pandemic Assessed via Longitudinal Cohort Design: Associations With Racial Tensions, Financial Distress, Psychological Distress and Virus-Related Fears.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 pandemic has created disruptions to daily life resulting in wide-spread unemployment and psychological distress. Recent studies have reported high rates of alcohol use during this time; however, longitudinal data remain scarce and factors associated with increases in high-risk drinking observed over time are unknown. AIMS: The current study examined changes in high-risk drinking patterns across four 7-day observation periods, prior to and following a university wide campus closure. Additionally, factors associated with changes in alcohol use patterns were examined including financial distress, psychological distress, impact of racial tensions and virus-related fears. METHOD: Students (N = 1001) in the Midwestern USA completed repeated assessments between March and June 2020. Each survey included a timeline follow-back measure of alcohol use. Pandemic-related distress spanning several factors was assessed at the final follow-up. RESULTS: Risky drinking patterns increased significantly over time. Overall, psychological distress and impact of racial tensions were associated with higher rates of risky drinking, whereas COVID-19-related fears were associated with lower rates. However, only financial-related distress was associated with an increase in risky drinking patterns over time. CONCLUSIONS: Increased risky drinking patterns observed in the current study may signal problems that are likely to persist even after the direct impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on daily life ends. Individuals experiencing financial distress may represent a particularly high-risk group. Interventions targeting the cross-section of job loss, financial stress and problematic alcohol use will be important to identify.

The effect of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes.

There remains a dearth of research on causal roles of perceived interracial competition on psychological outcomes. Towards this end, this research experimentally manipulated perceptions of group-level competition between Black and White individuals in the U.S. and tested for effects on negative psychological outcomes. In Study 1 (N = 899), participants assigned to the high interracial competition condition (HRC) reported perceiving more discrimination, behavioral avoidance, intergroup anxiety, and interracial mistrust relative to low interracial competition (LRC) participants. Study 2 -a preregistered replication and extension-specifically recruited similar numbers of only Black and White participants (N = 1,823). Consistent with Study 1, Black and White participants in the HRC condition reported more discrimination, avoidance, anxiety, and mistrust. Main effects for race also emerged: Black participants perceived more interracial competition and negative outcomes. Racial income inequality moderated effects; competition effects were stronger in areas with higher levels of inequality. Implications for theory development are discussed.

Raça e classe na clínica psicológica: concepções de estagiários do interior da amazônia ocidental / Raza y clase en la clínica psicológica: concepciones de pasantes desde el interior de la amazonia occidental / Race and class in the psychological clinic: internship conceptions from western amazon countryside

Resumo Este trabalho resulta de uma pesquisa qualitativa que verificou as percepções de estagiários de Psicologia, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, sobre questões raciais e de classe social, e como esses fatores se evidenciam na clínica de psicológica. O método de análise das entrevistas foi a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. Os resultados indicam: restrito conhecimento temático; dificuldades em relacionar conceitos de forma crítica que abarquem as especificidades desses fenômenos na realidade; escasso repertório teórico-metodológico dos estagiários em identificar tais questões em clínica, limitando-se a utilização de técnicas psicoterapêuticas que não contemplam as especificidades dessas demandas. Por fim, as questões raciais e de classe não são suficientemente discutidas no campo das intervenções clínicas, o que sugere que a formação em Psicologia no interior de Rondônia não contempla aprendizados que habilitem os futuros profissionais à intervenção adequada às questões sócio-raciais.

Resumen Este trabajo es el resultado de una investigación cualitativa que verificó las percepciones de los pasantes de psicología, a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, sobre temas raciales y de clase social, y cómo estos factores se evidencian en la clínica psicológica. El método de análisis de las entrevistas fue el Análisis de contenido de Bardin. Los resultados indican: conocimiento temático limitado; dificultades para relacionar críticamente conceptos que engloben las especificidades de estos fenómenos en la realidad; escaso repertorio teórico-metodológico de los aprendices para identificar tales cuestiones en la práctica clínica, limitando el uso de técnicas psicoterapéuticas que no abordan la especificidad de estas demandas. Finalmente, las cuestiones raciales raciales y de clase no se discuten suficientemente en el campo de las intervenciones clínicas, lo que sugiere que la formación en Psicología en el interior de Rondônia no incluye un aprendizaje que permita a los futuros profesionales intervenir adecuadamente en cuestiones socio-raciales.

Abstract This work is the result of a qualitative research that verified the perceptions of psychology interns, through semi-structured interviews, about racial and social class issues, and how these factors are evidenced in the Psychology clinic. The method of analysis of the interviews was Bardin's Content Analysis. The results indicate: restricted thematic knowledge; difficulties in critically relating concepts that encompass the specificity of these phenomena in reality; scarce theoretical-methodological repertoire of trainees to identify such issues in clinical practice, limiting the use of psychotherapy techniques that do not address the specificity of these demands. Finally, racial and class issues are not sufficiently discussed in the field of clinical interventions, which suggests that the training in Psychology in the countryside of Rondônia does not include learning that will enable future professionals to intervene appropriately to socio-racial issues.

Development and initial psychometric assessment of the race-related attitudes and multiculturalism scale in Australia.

AIM: The present study aims to develop the Race-related Attitudes and Multiculturalism Scale (RRAMS), as well as to perform an initial psychometric assessment of this instrument in a national sample of Australian adults. METHODS: The sample comprised 2,714 Australian adults who took part in the 2013 National Dental Telephone Interview Survey (NDTIS), which includes a telephone-based interview and a follow-up postal questionnaire. We used Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) to evaluate the RRAMS' factorial structure (n = 271) and then proceeded with Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to confirm the proposed structure in an independent sample (n = 2,443). Measurement invariance was evaluated according to sex, age and educational attainment. Construct validity was assessed through known-groups comparisons. Internal consistency was assessed with McDonald's ΩH and ordinal α. Multiple imputation by chained equations was adopted to handle missing data. RESULTS: EFA indicated that, after excluding 4 out of the 12 items, a two-factor structure provided a good fit to the data. This configural structure was then confirmed in an independent sample by means of CFA (χ2(19) = 341.070, p<0.001, CFI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.083; 90% CI [0.076, 0.091]). Measurement invariance analyses suggested that the RRAMS items can be used to compare men/women, respondents with/without tertiary education and young/older participants. The "Anglo-centric/Assimilationist attitudes" (ΩH = 0.83, αORDINAL = 0.85) and "Inclusive/Pluralistic attitudes" subscales (ΩH = 0.77, αORDINAL = 0.79) showed adequate reliability. Men and participants with low education had higher Anglo-centric/assimilationist attitudes and lower inclusive/pluralistic attitudes, suggesting construct validity. CONCLUSIONS: The RRAMS appears to be a valid and reliable measure to evaluate multiculturalist attitudes in the Australian context. The instrument may be useful in the assessment and monitoring of interventions aiming to promote multiculturalist inclusive attitudes and to increase social cohesion in Australia.

Oxytocin increases the social salience of the outgroup in potential threat contexts.

A growing body of literature suggests that OT administration may affect not only prosocial outcomes, but also regulate adversarial responses in the context of intergroup relations. However, recent reports have challenged the view of a fixed role of OT in enhancing ingroup favoritism and outgroup derogation. Studying the potential effects of OT in modulating threat perception in a context characterized by racial miscegenation (Brazil) may thus afford additional clarification on the matter. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study, White Brazilian participants completed a first-person shooter task to assess their responses towards potential threat from racial ingroup (White) or outgroup (Black) members. OT administration enhanced the social salience of the outgroup, by both increasing the rate at which participants refrained from shooting unarmed Black targets to levels similar to White targets, and by further increasing the rate of correct decisions to shoot armed Black targets (versus White armed targets). In summary, our results indicate that a single dose of OT may promote accurate behavioral responses to potential threat from members of a racial outgroup, thus offering support to the social salience hypothesis.

The impact of race relations on NFL attendance: An econometric analysis.

Recent protests by athletes focused on raising awareness of social issues and injustices, such as the Black Lives Matter protests led by Colin Kaepernick of the National Football League's San Francisco 49ers, have generated a great deal of attention and debate within society. Notably, the protests conducted by these players before games in the 2016 and 2017 seasons became such a sensational topic, that extraordinary amounts of attention was paid to it by the media, consumers, and even politicians who often denounced the players as being unpatriotic. Against this backdrop, the current research examines whether fluctuations in attendance at National Football League games are associated with explicit attitudes towards race, implicit racial prejudice, and racial animus within a population. Specifically, using multiple measures of racial attitudes as part of an econometric model estimating attendance at games, the results suggest that having a higher level of implicit bias in a market leads to a decline in consumer interest in attending games. Additionally, using interaction effects, it is found that while protests generally reduced the negative effects of implicit bias on attendance, markets with lower levels of implicit bias actually had greater declines of attendance during the protests. From this, the current study advances the understanding of racial attitudes and racial animus, and its impact on consumer behavior at the regional level. That is, this research highlights that racial sentiments in a local market were able to predict changes in market behaviors, suggesting that race relations can have wide reaching impacts.

Parallel Changes in Ethnic/Racial Discrimination and Identity in High School.

Research has yet to understand how ethnic/racial discrimination and ethnic/racial identity change simultaneously in adolescence. In a multiethnic sample of 211 adolescents (58% female; 41% Asian American, 10% Black, 24% Latinx, 22% White, 4% other), this study used latent change modeling to examine parallel changes in adolescents' discrimination experiences (frequency and distress) and ethnic/racial identity (private regard, centrality) from 9th to 11th grade. The year immediately following the transition into high school, from 9th to 10th grade, emerged as a challenging period with higher levels of discrimination and accompanying declines in adolescents' private regard. In contrast, from 10th to 11th grade, discrimination distress declined, and adolescents' private regard remained relatively stable. Across both time periods, parallel changes were observed for discrimination (frequency, distress) and adolescents' private regard. Implications for considering the importance of school transition, as well as individual differences by adolescent characteristics and school contexts, are discussed.

Historical Trends in Concerns About Social Issues Across Four Decades Among U.S. Adolescents.

This study examined adolescents' concerns about social issues and how these concerns have changed over historical time. Separate cohorts of U.S. high school seniors (N = 110,953; 51.1% female) reported their worries about four social issues (crime/violence, economic problems, hunger/poverty, race relations) every year from 1976 to 2015. Youth were most concerned with crime/violence, followed by economic problems, hunger/poverty, and race relations. Adolescents' social concerns varied by demographic characteristics and cohort, paralleling specific historical events and appearing responsive to the political challenges of the time. Initiatives seeking to engage youth within the political process may benefit from providing opportunities for teens to participate in civic activities aimed to address these issues.

Discrimination and mental health in adult transracial adoptees: Can parents foster preparedness?

In response to the growing trend of White parents adopting children from different racial backgrounds, and heeding the call for more research on adoption-related issues, the present study examined the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and mental health of 206 adult transracial adoptees adopted by White parents. In addition, the study examined adoptive parent racial socialization as a buffering variable in the perceived discrimination-mental health link. We hypothesized that racial discrimination experiences would be related to greater psychological distress and poorer psychological well-being. Furthermore, we expected the relationships between perceived discrimination and mental health outcomes to be weaker for transracial adoptees who reported higher levels of parental racial socialization by their adoptive parents during their youth, but stronger for those reporting lower levels of parental racial socialization. Interestingly, our results showed that racial socialization functioned differently depending on the mental health outcome under investigation. Although, as expected, racial discrimination was positively associated with psychological distress and negatively related to psychological well-being, parental racial socialization only moderated the discrimination-distress link. Limitations and implications for research, practice, and policy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Confronting Racial Violence: Resident, Unit, and Institutional Responses.

By describing an instance of racial violence by a patient against a resident physician, the authors hope to stimulate further discussion by addressing three specific questions about managing racist patients: (1) How should the resident (or any level of trainee) respond to the immediate situation? (2) How should the unit respond to the event as a community? and (3) How should the institution (hospital and/or academic institution) respond to the event? The authors argue that responses to such incidents should acknowledge the history of structural racism in U.S. society and in medicine. The authors recommend an approach that names the racism directly while addressing the safety of the patient and the providers in the moment, supports those affected in the aftermath, and considers appropriate consequences for the perpetrators of violence.

Interracial couples and breastfeeding initiation in the United States.

In the past decade, the prevalence of interracial couples has steadily increased. Recent reports state that nearly one in five marriages are between spouses of different races. Interracial couples receive less social support and are more likely to separate. As a result, children born to these couples may be at an increased risk of poor health outcomes. This study aims to investigate the relationship between interracial couples and breastfeeding initiation. Data from the 2014 Vital Statistics Natality Birth database were analyzed. Data were restricted to singleton births and infants with no congenital malformations. Racial composition of parents was categorized as non-Hispanic (NH) white, NH black; Hispanic; NH white/NH black; NH white/Hispanic; and NH black/Hispanic. Breastfeeding initiation (yes; no) was categorized according to information from the child's birth certificate file. Multiple logistic regression was used to generate crude and adjusted odds ratios and 99% confidence intervals. After adjusting for confounders, all interracial couples with at least one Hispanic parent had increased odds of breastfeeding initiation. Interracial white and black parents had 18% lower odds of breastfeeding initiation. The lowest odds of breastfeeding initiation were observed among intraracial black parents, who had 43% lower odds of breastfeeding initiation compared to intraracial white parents. Breastfeeding non-initiation continues to pose the greatest risk for infants with at least one black parent. Nurses, midwives, physicians, and other medical staff should discuss potential barriers that may be unique to interracial couples and provide additional breastfeeding education and support.

Bidirectional Links Between Social Rejection and Sleep.

OBJECTIVE: This set of studies examines the bidirectional links between social rejection and poor sleep, a ubiquitous and increasingly problematic health behavior. METHODS: In study 1, a multiday field experiment, 43 participants completed a neutral task just before sleep on night 1 and a social rejection task on night 2. Objective and subjective sleep, postrejection affect, and physiological responses were measured. In study 2, 338 participants reported typical sleep quality before coming to the laboratory where they received social rejection or social acceptance feedback from a stranger. Physiological and affective responses were measured throughout the session. RESULTS: In study 1, after social rejection, participants took longer going to bed (M [SD] = 38.06 [48.56] versus 11.18 [15.52], t(42) = 3.86, p < .001) and had shorter sleep durations (6:46 [1:27] versus 7:19 [1:38], t(41) = 2.92, p = .006) compared with the baseline night. Trait rumination moderated these effects, with high ruminators taking the longest to go to bed postrejection (t(38) = 2.90, p = .006). In both studies, there was (inconsistent) evidence that sleep influences reactions to rejection: some sleep measures predicted physiological reactivity during the rejection task in study 1 and greater negative affect after social rejection in study 2. CONCLUSIONS: These studies provide evidence that social rejection may affect sleep outcomes, particularly for trait ruminators, and poor sleep in turn may exacerbate affective responses to social rejection. Given the mixed findings, small sample size, and no active control condition, more work is needed to confirm and build on these findings.

Should social scientists be distanced from or engaged with the people they study?

This commentary focuses on two important contrasts in the behavioral sciences: (i) default versus nondefault study populations, where default samples have been used disproportionately (for psychology, the default is undergraduates at major research universities), and (ii) the adoption of a distant versus close (engaged) attitude toward study samples. Previous research has shown a strong correlation between these contrasts, where default samples and distant perspectives are the norm. Distancing is sometimes seen as necessary for objectivity, and an engaged orientation is sometimes criticized as biased, advocacy research, especially if the researcher shares a social group membership with the study population (e.g., a black male researcher studying black male students). The lack of diversity in study samples has been paralleled by a lack of diversity in the researchers themselves. The salience of default samples and distancing in prior research creates potential (and presumed) risk factors for engaged research with nondefault samples. However, a distant perspective poses risks as well, and particularly so for research with nondefault populations. We suggest that engaged research can usefully encourage attention to the study context and taking the perspective of study samples, both of which are good research practices. More broadly, we argue that social and educational sciences need skepticism, interestedness, and engagement, not distancing. Fostering an engaged perspective in research may also foster a more diverse population of social scientists.